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| 52 BC |
| | | In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls | |
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| 591 |
| | | Gregory, bishop of Tours, brings his 'History of the Franks' up to this year | |
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| c. 950 |
| | | The material of the Eddas, taking shape in Iceland, derives from earlier sources in Norway, Britain and Burgundy | |
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| 1078 |
| | | Anselm includes in his Proslogion his famous 'ontological proof' of the existence of God | |
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| c. 1102 |
| | | The chansons de geste, performed by professional minstrels in castles and manors, celebrate the exploits of Charlemagne and his paladins | |
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| c. 1120 |
| | | The troubadours of Provence develop a new form of love poetry in French, introducing courtly love | |
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| c. 1130 |
| | | A popular French poem, the Chanson de Roland, turns a minor disaster in one of Charlemagne's campaigns into a tale of epic heroism | |
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| c. 1160 |
| | | Chrétien de Troyes and other French authors turn the stories of Arthur and his knights into a romance of courtly love | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | Tannhäuser is one of the Minnesinger, the German equivalents of the French troubadours | |
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| 1461 |
| | | Francois Villon, recently released from prison, writes his Ballad of the Ladies of Times Past | |
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